Steven H. Zarit, Ph.D.

1972, University of Chicago

Professor of Human Development

HDFS Department Head

Adjunct Professor, Gerontology Institute, University College of Health Science, Jönköping, Sweden

211 Henderson Bldg. South
(814) 865-5260
z67@psu.edu

Research Interests

Family caregiving for the elderly; health and functioning of the oldest old; development of prevention and treatment programs for mental health problems in later life; cross-national comparisons of old age care systems.

Current Research Projects

Adaptive Interventions for At-Risk Caregivers. Investigators: Steven H. Zarit, Principal Investigator. Elia Femia, Co-PI. Carol Whitlatch, (Margaret Blenkner Research Institute at Benjamin Rose), Co-PI.

This study explores the development of a new strategy, adaptive intervention, for family caregivers. Adaptive interventions use a structured assessment to identify the specific risk factors for each caregiver and apply only those interventions specific to the risk factors found. The current project will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, we will develop and evaluate a theory-driven assessment tool that will identify risk factors and their cut-offs for assigning people to specific interventions. The second phase will be a small trial in which the assessment developed in Phase 1 will be used to assign people to treatment modules. We expect that by giving family caregivers intervention modules specific to their risk profile will improve outcomes. This research is funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (1 R34 MH073559-01).

The FAMILY CARES Study. Investigators: Steven H. Zarit, Principal Investigator; Rick Greene, Co-PI (Department of Health and Senior Services, State of New Jersey); Mary Ann Parris Stephens, Co-PI (Kent State University); Elia Femia, Project Manager.

This study examines the benefits and drawbacks of adult day care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementing illnesses and their family caregivers. The focus is on how disruptive behavior might change as a result of involvement in structured day activity programs, and the implications of those changes for the primary family caregiver. This research was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH590207)

Predictors of Independence and Disabilitiy in the Oldest Old. Investigators: Elizabeth Fauth, Principal Investigator, Stig Berg, Bo Malmberg, Gerdt Sundström (all of the Gerontology Institute, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden), and Steve Zarit, Denis Gerstorf and Nilam Ram, Penn State University.

This research explores the transition from independence to dependence in a population-based and longitudinal sample of people in their 80s and early 90s. This project combines data from 4 longitudinal studies of the oldest-old to form the largest sample of very old people to date who have participated in in-depth assessments of functioning and health. A theory based model of the disability process is used to guide the analysis of changes over time. We are also examining the responses of family and formal services to increased levels of disabilities. The goal of the study is to identify factors that may delay the onset of disability in very late life, as well as to learn more about the care received by the very old.

Family Exchanges Study. Investigators: Karen Fingerman, Principal Investigator (Purdue University); Steve Zarit, Michael Rovine, David Eggebeen (Penn State University).

There are few legal or social sanctions in the U.S. requiring adults to provide assistance for their parents or grown offspring, but middle-aged adults frequently exchange assistance with generations above and below them. A burgeoning literature shows that most adults also experience frustration and tensions with parents and grown offspring. This study examines: Aim 1) patterns of exchanges with parents vs. offspring (what is exchanged and who does the exchanging), Aim 2) beliefs about these exchanges, and Aim 3) feelings about these exchanges and relationships. We also consider parents’ and offspring’s reports of the exchanges. The study fills a large gap in the literature by examining psychological processes (e.g., beliefs, feelings) associated with exchanges and considering multiple family members’ perspectives on these exchanges. Participants will include 400 European American and 220 African American adults aged 40 to 60 who have at least one living parent and one child over the age of 18. We are interviewing the target person, his/her spouse, his/her parents, and up to three children. We will examine multiple family members’ (middle-aged adult, offspring, parent) reports of exchanges, as well as agreements and disagreements in family members’ views of supports and feelings. Unique contributions of the study include examination of: different family members’ reports of support within the same family (Aim 1); beliefs about motivations underlying exchanges with parents and offspring (Aim 2); positive and negative feelings about everyday exchanges and relationships (Aim 3). Findings from this study will have implications for understanding how provision and receipt of support are associated with variability in health at midlife. Findings also will be of use to policy makers concerning expectations and feelings adults hold regarding familial versus public obligations.

Teaching Interests

Adult development and aging; mental health and aging; cross-national comparisons of old age care; intervention research.

Outreach and Media Interests

(general public, practitioners, researchers): Alzheimer's disease; family caregiving; the oldest old; aging and mental health.

Education

Ph.D., 1972, Human Development, University of Chicago
Postdoctoral Training in Clinical Psychology, 1972-1973, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago

Professional Experience

2003-Present, Professor and Head, Human Development and Family Studies.
1986-2003, Professor of Human Development and Assistant Director, The Gerontology Center, The Pennsylvania State University.
1993-Present, Adjunct Professor, Institute of Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
1990-1991, 1995-1996, 2001-2002, Acting Director, The Gerontology Center, The Pennsylvania State University
1991-1992, Acting Head, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
1989-1990, Professor-in-Charge, Graduate Program, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University.
1988-1989, Acting Director, The Gerontology Center, The Pennsylvania State University
1986-1987, Professor-in-Charge, Undergraduate Program, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University.
1984-1985, Acting Head, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California.
1982-1986, Associate Professor of Gerontology and Psychology, University of Southern California; Director, Andrus Older Adult Center, Andrus Gerontology Center, and Co-Director, Human Relations Center, University of Southern California; Research Associate, Gerontology Research Institute, Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California.
1975-1982, Assistant Professor of Gerontology and Psychology, University of Southern California.
1973-1975, Teaching Associate, Department of Psychology, City College of C.U.N.Y., New York. Research Associate, Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged, New York.
1972-1973, Postdoctoral trainee, In-patient Psychiatry and Gerontology Clinic, University of Chicago.
1971-1972, Psychology intern, In-patient Psychiatry and Gerontology Clinic, University of Chicago. 1971-1973 Associate Project Director, Aging Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago.

Honors

1993: Apple of Knowledge Award, University College of Health-Sciences, Jönköping, Sweden
1995: Evan G. & Helen G. Pattishall Outstanding Research Award, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University
1995: Scientific Research Award, Jönköping (Sweden) County Council, (with Boo Johansson)
1998 Distinguished Mentorship Award, Behavioral and Social Sciences Section, The Gerontological Society of America
2001 Award for Academic Integration, Penn State University
2001 Senator John Heinz Memorial Award, National Council on Aging
2002 M. Powell Lawton Distinguished Contributions Award in Applied Gerontology, Division 20: Adult Development and Aging, of the American Psychological Association
2004 M. Powell Lawton Award, Gerontological Society of America.
2006 M. Powell Lawton Award, Section II of Division 12, American Psychological Association

Public Service

2005- Chair, Task Force on Publications, Gerontological Society of America
2000-2001, Chair, Behavioral and Social Sciences Section, Gerontological Society of America
2002-2004, Chair, Publications Committee, Gerontological Society of America
1998-2001, Member, Committee on Aging, American Psychological Association (Chair from 1998-2000)
2000-2005, Member, Board of Directors, Alzheimer's Association
1987-2000, Co-Facilitator: Alzheimer's Support Group of Centre County, Pennsylvania
Member, Research Advisory Board of the Lighthouse, Inc.of New York
Associate Editor, Aging and Mental Health
Editorial Boards: Psychology and Aging, Aging and Health, American Journalof Alzheimer's Disease

Selected Publications

Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., & Johansson, B. (1997). Predicting change in activities of daily living: A longitudinal study of the oldest old. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P292-P304.
Goodman, C.R., Steiner, V., & Zarit, S.H. (1997). Personal orientation as a predictor of caregiver strain. Aging and Mental Health, 1, 149-157.
Johansson, B., Allen-Burge, R., & Zarit, S. H. (1997). Self reports on memory functioning in a longitudinal study of the oldest old: Relation to current, prospective, and retrospective performance. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P139-P146.
Johansson, B., & Zarit, S.H. (1997). Cognitive predictors of the incidence of dementia and mortality in a representative sample of oldest old. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 53-59.
Simmons, S. F., Johansson, B. Zarit, S. H., Ljungquist, B., Plomin, R., & McClearn, G. E., (1997). Selection bias in samples of older twins. A comparison between octogenarian twins and singletons in Sweden. Journal of Aging and Health, 9, 553-567.
Zarit, S. H. (1997). Brief measures of depression and cognitive function. Generations, 21(1), 41-43.
Zarit, S. H. (1997). Behavioural and environmental treatment in dementia. In C. Holmes & R. Howard (Eds.), Advances in old age psychiatry: Chromosomes to community care (pp. 109-116). Hampshire, UK: Wrightson.
Zarit, S. H. (1997). Dependency scripts and competencies: New directions or more of the same? In S. Willis, K. Warner Schaie & M. Hayward (Eds.), Societal mechanisms for maintaining competency (pp. 165-173). New York: Springer.
Gatz, M., & Zarit, S. H. (1998). A good old age: Paradox or possibility. In V. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Aging (pp. 396-416). New York: Springer.
Malmberg, B., Sundstrsm, G., & Zarit, S. H. (1998). Housing the demented elderly in Sweden. In B. Vellas, J. Fitten, & G. Frisoni. Research and practice in Alzheimer disease (pp. 193-202). Paris: Serdi Publishing.
Zarit, S. H. (1998). Very late life: The final frontier. Aging and Mental Health, 2, 85-86.
Zarit, S. H., Davey, A., Edwards, A. B., Femia, E. E., & Jarrott, S. E. (1998). Family caregiving: Research findings and clinical implications. In B. Edelstein (Ed.), Clinical geropsychology (pp. 499-523). Oxford, UK, Elsevier.
Zarit, S. H., Dolan, M. M., & Leitsch, S. A. (1998). Interventions in nursing homes and other alternative living settings. In I. H. Nordhus, G. VandenBos, S. Berg & P. Fromholt (Eds.), Clinical geropsychology (pp. 329-344). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Books.
Zarit, S. H., Johansson, L., & Jarrott, S. E. (1998). Family caregiving: Stresses, social programs and clinical interventions. In I. H. Nordhus, G. VandenBos, S. Berg & P. Fromholt (Eds.), Clinical geropsychology (pp. 345-360). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M.A.P., Townsend, A., & Greene, R. (1998). Stress reduction for family caregivers: Effects of day care use. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B, S267-S277.
Zarit, S.H., & Zarit, J. M. (1998). Til death do us part. In R. P. Halgin & S. K. Whitbourne (Eds.), Partners in change: Growth through the therapeutic process (pp. 236-252). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zarit, S.H., & Zarit, J.M. (1998). Mental disorders in older adults: Fundamentals of assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford.
Berg, S., & Zarit, S. H. (Eds.). (1999). The oldest old. Jsnksping, Sweden, Institute of Gerontology.
Jarrott, S. E., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A., & Greene, R. (1999). Caregiver satisfaction with adult day service programs. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 14, 233-244.
Zarit, S. H., Femia, E. E., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (1999). Prevalence and incidence of depression in 80 and 90 year olds: The OCTO study. Aging and Mental Health, 3, 119-128.
Alspaugh, M. E. L., Stephens, M. A. P., Towsend, A., & Zarit, S. H. (1999). Objective and subjective primary stress as predictors of longitudinal patterns of risk for depression in dementia caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 34-43.
Davey, A., Femia, E. E., Shea, D. G., Zarit, S. H., Sundstrsm, G., Berg, S., & Smyer, M. A. (1999). How much do families help? A cross national comparison. Journal of Aging and Health, 11, 199-220.
Downs, M., & Zarit, S. H. (Eds.). (1999). What works in dementia care? Research evidence for service planning and policy. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 83-85.
Jarrott, S. E., Leitsch, S. A., Zarit, S. H., Berg, S., & Johansson, L. (1999). A comparison of adult day care in Sweden and the U.S. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology.
Lyons, K.S. & Zarit, S. H. (1999). Formal and informal support: The great divide. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 183-191.
Zarit, S. H., Gaugler, J. E., & Jarrott, S. E. (1999). Useful services for families: Research findings and directions. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 165-177.
Gaugler, J. E., Edwards, A. B., Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A., & Greene, R. (2000). Predictors of institutionalization of cognitively impaired elders: Family help and the timing of placement. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 55B, P247-P255.
Gaugler, J. E., Davey, A., Pearlin, L., & Zarit, S. H., (2000). Modeling caregiver adaptation over time: The longitudinal impact of behavior problems. Psychology and Aging, 15, 437-450.
Gaugler, J. E., Leitsch, S. A., Zarit, S.H., & Pearlin, L.I. (2000). Caregiving involvement after institutionalization: Effects of preplacement stress. Research on Aging. 22, 337-359.
Haynie, D., Zarit, S. H., Berg, B., & Gatz, M. (2000). Depressive symptoms in the oldest old. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 56B, P111-P118.
Jarrott, S.E., Zarit, S.H., Towsend, A., & Stephens, M. A. P. (2000). The effects of day care on time usage by employed and non-employed caregivers. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 19, 371-388.
Lyons, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Townsend, A. L. (2000). Families and formal service usage: Stability and change in patterns of interface, Aging and Mental Health, 4, 234-243.
Qualls, S. H., & Zarit, S. H. (2000). Family processes and treatment. Aging and Mental Health, 4, 189-190.
Zarit, S.H. & Haynie, D. A. (2000). Introduction to clinical issues. In S. K. Whitbourne (Ed.) Psychopathology in Later Adulthood (pp. 1-26). New York: Wiley.
Zarit, S. H., & Gaugler, J. E. (2000). Caregivers, stress and. In G. Fink (Ed.), Encyclopedia of stress, Vol. 1 (pp. 404-407). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., & Johansson, B. (2001). The disablement process in very late life: A study of the oldest-old in Sweden. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 56B, {P12-P23).
Gaugler, J. E., & Zarit, S. H. (2001). The effectiveness of adult day services for disabled older people. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 12, 23-48.
Leitsch, S. A., Zarit, S. H., Jarrott, S. E., Greene, R., & Stephens, M. A. P. (2001) Adult day care: Medical versus social models. Research on Aging 23, 473-498.
Pearlin, L. I., Harrington, C., Lawton, M. P., Montgomery, R., & Zarit, S. H. (2001). An overview of the social and behavioral consequences of Alzheimer's disease. Aging and Mental Health, 5(Suppl), S3-S6.
Zarit, S. H., & Leitsch, S. A. (2001). Developing and evaluating community based intervention programs for Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers. Aging and Mental Health, 5(Suppl), S84-S98.
Zarit, S. H., & Pearlin, L. I. (Eds.). (2001). Special issue on behavioral and social aspects of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging and Mental Health, 5(suppl).
Lyons, K. S., Zarit, S. H., Sayer, A. G., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2002). Caregiving as a dyadic process: Perspectives from caregiver and receiver. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science 57B, P195-P204.
Arai, Y., Zarit, S. H., Sugiura, M., & Washio, M. (2002). Patterns of outcome of caregiving for the impaired elderly: A longitudinal study in rural Japan , Aging and Mental Health, 6 , 39-46.
Edwards, A. B., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend, A. (2002). Employed family caregivers of cognitively impaired elderly: An examination of role strain and depressive symptoms. Aging and Mental Health, 6, 55-61.
Llácer, A., Zunzunegui, M. V., Gutierrez-Cuadra, P., Béland, F., & Zarit, S. H. (2002). Correlates of wellbeing of spousal and children carers of disabled people over 65 in Spain , European Journal of Public Health, 12, 1-7.
Brodaty, H., Green, A., Banerjee, S., Mittelman, M., Schulz, R., Whitehouse, P., Harvey, R., Powell, M., Prince, M., Rios, D., & Zarit, S. (2002). Towards harmonisation of caregiver outcome measures. Brain Aging, 2, 3-12.
Zarit, S. H. (2002). Caregiver's burden. Family and Professional Cares: Findings Lead to Action. Serdi Edition, 20-24.
Zarit, S. H., & Leitsch, S. A. (2002). Applications of personal control. In S. H. Zarit, L. I. Pearlin, & K. W. Schaie (Eds)., Personal control in social and life course contexts (pp. 281-300). New York : Springer.
Lyons, K. S., Zarit, S. H., Sayer, A. G., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2002). Caregiving as a dyadic process: Perspectives from caregiver and receiver. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science 57B , P195-P204.
Zarit, S. H., & Eggebeen, D. A. (2002). Parent-child relationships in adulthood and old age. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.). Handbook of parenting , 2 nd ed. (pp. 135-164). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum.
Malmberg, B., Ernsth, M., Larsson, B., & Zarit, S. H. (2003). Angels of the night: Evening and night patrols for home bound elders in Sweden . Gerontologist, 43, 761-765.
Shea, D. G., Davey, A., Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., Sundstrom, G., Berg, S. & Smyer, M. A. (2003). Exploring assistance in Sweden and the United States . Gerontologist, 43 ,712-721.
Arai, Y., Zarit, S. H., Kumamoto , K., & Takeda, A. (2003). Are there inequities in the assessment of dementia under Japan 's LTC insurance system . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 346-352.
Gaugler, J. E., Zarit, S. H., & Pearlin, L. I. (2003). The onset of dementia caregiver and its longitudinal implications . Psychology and Aging, 18 , 171-180.
Hong, T. B., Zarit, S. H., & Johansson, B. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment in the oldest old: A comparison of two approaches. Aging and Mental Health, 7, 271-276
Gaugler, J. E., Jarrott, S. E., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A. & Greene, R. (2003). Adult day service use and reductions in caregiving hours: Effects on stress and psychological well-being for dementia caregivers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 55-62.
Gaugler, J. E., Zarit, S. H., & Greene, R. (2003). Evaluating community-based care for dementia caregivers: The cost-effectiveness of adult day services. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 22 , 118-133.
Gaugler, J. E., Jarrott, S. E., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A. & Greene, R. (2003). Respite for dementia caregivers: The effects of adult day service use on caregiving hours and care demands. International Psychogeriatrics, 15, 37-58.
Zarit, S. H., Femia, E. E., & Stephens, M. A. P. (2003). The validities of research findings: The case of interventions with caregivers. Alzheimer's Care Quarterly, 4, 216-228.
Zarit, S. H., Femia, E. E., Watson, J., Rice-Oeschger, L., & Kakos, B. (2004). Memory Club: A group intervention for people with early-stage dementia and their care partners. Gerontologist, 44 , 262-269.
Baek, J., Son, J., Sundstrom, G., & Zarit, S.H. (2004). Old Age Care in Sweden : Possible Implications for Korean Aging Services. Journal of Korean Gerontological Society, 24 (2), 1-16.
Gaugler, J. E., Anderson , K. A., Zarit, S. H., & Pearlin, L. I. (2004). Family involvement in the nursing home: Effects on stress and well-being. Aging and Mental Health, 8 , 65-75.
Zarit, S. H. (2004). Family care and burden at the end of life. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170 (12), 1811-1812.
Hong, T. B., Zarit, S. H., & Malmberg, B. (2004). The role of health congruence in functional status and depression. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 59B (4), P151-P157.
Zarit, S. H., Griffiths, P. C., & Berg, S. (2004). Pain perceptions of the oldest old: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist, 44, 459-468.
Mittelman, M. S., Roth, D. L., Haley, W. E., & Zarit, S. H. (2004). Effects of a caregiver intervention on negative caregiver appraisals of behavior problems in patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a randomized trial. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 59B, P27-P34.
Anderson, K.A., Jao, J.C., Pearlin, L.I., Zarit, S.H., & Gaugler, J.E. (2005). Social class and the subjective adaptation of caregivers to institutionalization. Journal of Social Work in Long-Term Care, 3(3/4), 47-69.
Arai, Y., Kumamoto, K., Zarit, S. H., Dennoh, H., & Kitamoto, M. (2005). Angst in Shangri-La: Japanese fear of growing old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1641.
Crespo, M., Lopez, J., & Zarit, S. H. (2005). Emotional well-being in primary caregivers: A comparative study of caregivers of demented and nondemented older persons. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatr, 20, 591-592.
Davey, A., Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., Shea, D. G., Sundström, G., Berg, S., Smyer, A., & Savla, J. (2005). Life on the edge: Patterns of formal and informal help to older adults in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 60B, S281-S288.
Jarrott, S. E., Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A., & Greene, R. (2005). Instrumental help and caregivers' distress: Effects of change in informal and formal help. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 20, 181-190.
Pot. A. M., Deeg, D. J. H., Twisk, J. W. R., Beekman, A-J,T.. F., & Zarit, S. H. (2005). Transitions in caregivers' use of paid home help. Psychology and Aging, 20, 211-219.
Woodhead, E. L., Zarit, S. H., Braungart E. R., Rovine, M. R., & Femia, E. E. (2005). Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: The effects of physical activity at adult day service centers. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 20, 171-179.
Zarit, S. H., (2005) CBT and aging, dementia. In A. Freeman, S. H. Felgoise, A. M. Nezu, C.M. Nezu & M. A. Reinecke (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York: Springer.
Zarit, S. H., & Pearlin, L. I. (Eds). (2005). Health inequalities across the life course. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 60B (special issue).
Arai, A., Arai, Y., & Zarit, S. (2006). Intervention for family caregivers of dementia patients: An effective strategy for reducing burden. Psychiatry, 9(1), 48-56.
Ducharme, F., Lévesque, L., Lachance, L., Zarit, S., Vézina, J., Gangbè, M., & Caron, C. D. (2006). Older husbands as caregivers of their wives: A descriptive study of the context and relational aspects of care. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43, 567-579.
Kumamoto, K., Arai, Y., & Zarit, S. H. (2006). Use of home care services effectively reduces feelings of burden among family caregivers of disabled elderly in Japan: Preliminary results. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 163-170.
Schreiner, A. S., Morimoto, T., Kakuma, T., Arai, Y., & Zarit, S. H. (2006). Assessing family caregivers' mental health using a statistically derived cutoff score for the Zarit Burden Interview. Aging and Mental Health, 10, 107-111.
Zarit, S. H. (2006). The history of dementia in caregiving. In S. M. LoboPrabhu, J. W. Lomax, & V. Molinari (Eds.), Supporting the xaregiver in sementia: A guide for health care professionals (pp. 3-22): Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zarit, S. H., & Zarit, J. M. (Eds). (2006). Mental disorders in older adults (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Gaugler, J. E., Zarit, S. H., & Nikzad, K. A. (in press). Respite. In R. Schulz (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Aging, 4th ed., New York: Springer.
Pot, A. M., Zarit, S. H., Twisk, J., & Townsend, A. (in press). Transitions in caregivers use of paid help: Associations with stress appraisals and well-being. Gerontologist.
Robertson, S. M., Zarit, S. H., Duncan, L. G., Rovine, M., & Femia, E. E. (In press). Family caregivers' patterns of positive and negative affect. Family Relations.
Whitlatch, C. J., Judge, K., Zarit, S. H., & Femia, E. E. (In press). A dyadic intervention for family caregivers and care receivers in early stage dementia. Gerontologist.
Zarit, S. H., & Braungart, E. R. (in press). Elders as care receivers: Autonomy in the context of frailty. In H.-W. Wahl, C. Tesch-Römer, & A. Hoff (Eds.), Emergence of New person-Environment Dynamics in Old Age. A Multidisciplinary Exploration. Amityville, NY: Baywood.
Zarit, S. H., Bottigi, K., & Gaugler, J. E. (in press). Stress and caregivers. In G. Fink and associates (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Stress, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
Zarit, S. H., & Edwards, A. B. (in press). Family caregiving: Research and clinical intervention. In B. Woods (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology and ageing, 2nd ed.. Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Zarit, S. H., & Gaugler, J. E. (in press). Care by families for late stage dementia. In A. Burns & B. Winblad (Eds.), Severe Dementia. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Zarit, S. H., & Robertson, S. M. (in press). Positive dimensions of mental health. Aging and mental health.
Zarit, S. H., & Robertson, S. R. (in press). Self-efficacy and self-esteem. In K. S. Markides, D. Blazer, L. Branch & S. Studenski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Health and Aging. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Penn State University

The College of Health and Human Development